Synthesis Of Text 12 And 3 - 1605 Words

TASK 5:MICRO-LITERATURE REVIEW: Synthesis of text 1,23(1500words) Effective parental leave policy: a change in impact factors across three articles from 2008-2014. Introduction Traditional family model changed a lot these years, women have their own jobs and cannot pay all their attention to their families as they used to. Therefore, parental leave policy is put forward for to decrease work-family conflict for both men and women. Parental leave is an employee benefit available in almost all countries, including maternity, paternity, and adoption leave. During this period, the policy supports new parents in two ways: offering job-protected leave and offering financial support. In some countries, people believe that a good parental†¦show more content†¦It was chosen because of its authority as demonstrated by the number of citations (189), and published by the Center for Economic and Policy Research, which is one of the authority agencies. After analyzed it, the older article (Hegewisch and Gornickï ¼Å'2008) was chosen from the reference of the first one, which point out a new idea about the importance of flexible work place. Finally, after reading and comparing the first two articles, I chose the recent article (Allen et al, 2014), which put forward a new viewpoint about the attitude of employers, from the citing of the first one. These three articles show the change of thinking and focus on different impact factors of the policy efficiency. There are several limitations to the present study that should be acknowledged. Although these three articles research from different aspects and analyzed the factors that influence and impact by this policy, it not enough to comprehensive express the thesis and need more extra references. Discussion of findings Visualization of the relationship between text1, 23 Figure 1: Consequences of parental leave policy in different aspects As shown in figure 1, there is a considerable consensus of the three articles that parental leave policy brings huge influence to the new parents in terms of gender equality and work-family conflict. Ray et al (2009) and strongly prove that a good policy can improve gender equality. Moreover, a strong relationship betweenShow MoreRelatedNur504 Week 5 Collaborative Learning Community: Ebp Literature Latest592 Words   |  3 Pagesis a CLC assignment. Follow the instructions provided in CLC Assignment: Evidence-Based Project (EBP). Utilize the Synthesis Table, Table of Evidence and EBA Project Evaluation Tool to complete your CLC assignment. Submit these documents for this weeks CLC assignment. While APA format is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected and in-text citations and references should be presented using APA documentation guidelines, which can be found in the APA StyleRead MoreBiology Review Paper1423 Words   |  6 PagesDefinition of a review paper A review is a comprehensive synthesis of results from a wide and complex set of studies A synthesis of findings rather than ideas. Goal of a review paper is to help readers make sense of all available information Direct quotations rarely found in reviews. Do Not Use! Research reviews focus on primary sources Original scientific experimentation reported in scientific journals The quality of the review depends largely on the comprehensiveness of the literatureRead MoreA Voice Guidance System For Autonomous Robots1741 Words   |  7 Pagesvoice recognition processor can. I. INTRODUCTION This Project Describe a robot that can be operated by voice commands given from user. The project use speech recognition system for giving and processing voice commands Speech recognition, or speech-to-text, involves capturing and digitizing the sound waves, converting them to basic language units or phonemes. It is the ability of a computer to recognize general, naturally flowing voice from a wide variety of users. The robot will receive commands fromRead MorePlaza Inn Essays1169 Words   |  5 Pageshttp://cob.bloomu.edu/ramin E-mail: sammar@bloomu.edu OR soniaz23@aol.com 3. Department: Department of Management 4. Course Number: 93.362 5. Course Title: Organizational Design 6. Credit Hours: 3 7. Prerequisites: 93.344, Principles of Management 8. Catalog Description: This course discusses the difference between micro and macro perspectives in the study of organizationRead MoreDreams, By Sigmund Freud1086 Words   |  5 Pageswhich we act out our suppressed desires. The Interpretation of Dreams, written by Sigmund Freud, is considered a great book, and one that symbolically opened the twentieth century (Publish and Perish 12).The purpose of this paper is to examine Frued’s concepts of dreams, review the Activation Synthesis Theory of dreams, and to assess the Activation-Information-Mode (AIM) Model of dreams. The founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, was initially a neuroscientist but he abandoned neuroscience in 1895Read MoreAnalysis Of Bloom And Others : Bloom s Taxonomy1292 Words   |  6 Pagesread more in order to acquire the language. There are five levels of comprehension and the questions should be designed to address these five levels: 1. Literal comprehension (knowledge) 2. Comprehension (reorganization) 3. Inference 4. Synthesis 5. Evaluation 1. Literal comprehension (knowledge): This is the first level of comprehension; it refers to the understanding of the vocabulary and recognizing the facts, dates or places in the story. This level requires surface understandingRead MoreMm578 Consumer Behavior Course Project Explanation966 Words   |  4 Pagesaccepted. You are to create a thorough, tightly focused Marketing Strategy that focuses on consumer behavior for either a product or a service. To help you in the process, Appendix B is available on page 738 of our course text. The sections below that are highlighted in BLUE text are found in Appendix B. The insights provided in Appendix B should be very helpful as you assess your paper’s intended content. Those sections not highlighted receive this instructor’s additional perspectives in the â€Å"AdditionalRead MoreSylabus Essay3948 Words   |  16 Pagesï » ¿ Course Syllabus Fall Semester 2014 School of Liberal Arts Course Name: Composition II Course Number: ENG 112 Section Number: 064 Credits: 3 Contact Hours: 3 Credits: 3 Contact Hours: 3 Instructor’s Name: Dr. Joy Ellen Parker Office Hours Location: MW 12:30-1:30; 3:30-5:30/TR 3:30-5:30 in FH 1026 Campus Phone: 567.661.7680 Campus E-mail: joy_parker@owens.edu Additional Contact Information: Reminder: You must email me using your Owens email, or I will not be able toRead MoreQuestions On Advanced Physiology Of Exercise1776 Words   |  8 Pages(e.g., â€Å"KIN 560 Exam 1_Sollanek†). SAVE OFTEN AS YOU WORK. UNFORTUNATLEY, LOST WORK AS A RESULT OF COMPUTER CRASHES IS NOT A VALID EXCUSE. You must answer question #1. Of the remaining questions (#2 - #12), please answer any 7 you wish to tackle. In total, you will answer 8 of the 12 questions below. You do not need to write a book; however, you need to make sure you answer the question being asked in sufficient detail. Show me what you know. But keep an eye on the clock. You have aroundRead MoreEmerging Challenges Of Social Work And Women s Studies- An Empirical Study2870 Words   |  12 PagesOld No: 3, Plot No: 22, Vijaynagar 2ND Cross Street, Velachery, Chennai-600042 Cell: 9176755321, 9176754930 E-mail: madhavanps@hotmail.com, pasurmadhavan@rediffmail.com TOPIC: Emerging Challenges in Social work research- The Contexts of Diffusion: Adoption of Research Synthesis in Social Work and Women’s Studies- An Empirical study. Abstract: Research papers reveal the subjects of interest in research fields, and the values, beliefs, and practices of researchers. In this study, texts are examined

The United States And The War Of 1812 - 1144 Words

A Developed Nation The United States of America triumphed in the Revolutionary War, emerging as an independent nation. Thereafter, they had an arduous task of building their economy and earning recognition amongst other nations. George Washington, the presiding president, promoted Alexander Hamilton, a thirty-four year old former officer of the Continental Army, as the Secretary of Treasury. He devised plans on how to simultaneously generate revenue and deal with war debts. Inevitably, the United States encountered many disruptions on their road to maturity, including oppositions on Hamilton s deals by other forefathers and unforeseen wars and rebellions that erupted in the country. Amidst those wars, was the War of 1812, which†¦show more content†¦Hamilton s goal was to make the new country credit free not debt free. Although Hamilton was a very talented and loveable individual, he had many clashes with the other forefathers. Mainly, Hamilton s biggest controverters were Th omas Jefferson and James Madison who strongly opposed his idea of investing the war debts. Furthermore, citizens strongly repulsed the tariffs he implemented and protested against them. One such protest, the Whiskey Rebellion, appeared to be an encore of Shay s Rebellion, a rebellion on the tax of property. When a group of Pennsylvania residents protested John Neville, a stubborn tax collector, the government intervened and quickly dissolved the protest, thus, implementing the ability for the federal government to stand up for civil disorder. The United States growing economy and the growth of its strong democratic government quickly publicized their existence globally. The United States strongly advocated for peaceful relations with other nations and tried to settle disputes or expand their territories only via negotiations, in contrast to war. In 1776, under the Treaty of Paris a vast land of the Great Plains was transferred from France to Spain. However, Spain never controlled or settled the land and decided to sell it to the United States for a tremendous profit. Therefore, the United States sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to investigate the land. Lewis and Clark established good relationsShow MoreRelatedThe War Of 1812 And The United States1716 Words   |  7 Pagesformed United States. The war of 1812 is often referred to as the United States second war for independence because, like the Revolutionary War, it was fought against England. This war was the result of many years of a tension among both countries. It both surprised the British and concerned many Americans who believed that this war was an unwise effort. This was not because there was not reasons to go to war with England. But rather because United States had avoided war for so long that when war wasRead MoreThe War Of 1812 And The United States1699 Words   |  7 PagesThe War of 1812 is often referred to as â€Å" Mr. Madison s War,† because at the time, federalists believed that their current president, James Madison declared war, without the approval of congress. At the time, the new united nation but somewhat divided was being controlled under the rule of the great power of Great Britain. Great Britain had a strong connection with the northern states of the United States, because of the constant trade going on between them. As the, Federalists got richer, the BritishRead MoreThe War Of 1812 And The United States1427 Words   |  6 Pages The War of 1812 is the second war between the United States of America and Great Britain that ends in a draw. Also referred to as the â€Å"Second War of Independence,† the cause of this milita ry conflict is often believed to be a direct result of England’s attempt to humiliate the United States, limit the country’s growth and impact (acts of interference towards American trade, which is a sign of disrespect towards American independence), and acts of impressment (taking sailors off American vesselsRead MoreThe War Of 1812 And The United States Essay1328 Words   |  6 PagesThe War of 1812 was the result of an ongoing feud between France, Great Britain, and the United States. The causes of the war included Britain attempt to restrict trade between France and the United States, Britain’s navy intimidating American seamen and the U.S. attempt to expand their territory. Before going into the war, the United States was fully aware that Britain had the greatest naval power in the world so this would be the costliest war financially and physically. The United States knewRead MoreThe War Of 1812 And The United States1633 Words   |  7 PagesThe War of 18 12 took place between the Americans and Great Britain because of the impressment of Americans sailors by the British and the passing of the Embargo Act by Congress and President Thomas Jefferson. The British navy would impress sailors from American ships and force the American sailors to board the British ships and to join the British navy. The second reason that the War of 1812 occurred was because of the Embargo Act of 1807. This act was passed by Congress and Jefferson and it stoppedRead MoreThe War Of 1812 And The United States1422 Words   |  6 PagesIn the year 1812, just 29 years after the American Revolution, the United States was already confronted with another War against their mother country. Ever since their last war, conflict has been brewing up between the two countries. Since the 1790s, American leaders like Presidents Washington and John Adams was trying to avoid with France and England. In 1793, the Proclamation of neutrality was passed, under Washington s preside ncy. In 1800, President Adams agreed to the Convention of 1800, whichRead MoreThe War Of 1812 And The United States820 Words   |  4 Pages The War of 1812 was brought about by a multitude of factors including international trade restrictions, the capture of American sailors by the British Royal Navy, and the United States attempts at expanding its territory. The various parties involved in this war are the Americans, the British, the Canadians (then a british colony), the Native Americans, and the Africans. While the main conflict of this war was between White America and the British, the Native Americans and African slaves found themselvesRead MoreThe War Of 1812 During The United States1308 Words   |  6 PagesA war time economy in the United States has proven to be a way to bring the people of America together, boost the economy, and inspire nationalism. The War of 1812 did much to follow this trend. By shutting off trade with Great Britain for a few years, United States ma nufacturers were able to establish their industries and develop a dependency from the people of America. In these ways, the War of 1812 helped create a scenario that allowed the United States to proliferate following the war. TheRead MoreThe War Of 1812 And The United States Army Essay1309 Words   |  6 PagesBritish forces (). From then on out the United States Army has seen multiple wars from the War of 1812 to present wars today, and will continue to be one the many forces to protect the USA. Now over the years, the United States Army has had to shift the way it conducts its soldiers to fight in the wars and how to be proficient in battle; even with the new warfare tactics that our enemies are developing daily. Like any other unified team, how does the United States Army gain leverage against our enemiesRead MoreThe War Of 1812 Was A Conflict Between The United States854 Words   |  4 Pages The War of 1812 was a conflict between the United States and Britain that began in 1812 and lasted until early 1815. A declaration of war was requested by President James Madison to protect American ships on the high seas and to stop the British from stopping ships and capturing United States by both Great Britain and France. President Madison sought to prevent Britain from creating alliances with Native Americans on the American frontier. Americans in the West and South, who hoped to increase the

Role of Ethics in the Life of an Engineering Student Free Essays

As a college student for the last 2 years, if there is one important thing that I have learned, it is to follow the ethical guidelines of your school. Moreover, maintain the ethical code throughout the semester and more specifically for every course. Now, as an engineering student at The University of Texas at Tyler, I have an Engineering Code of Ethics to follow. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Ethics in the Life of an Engineering Student or any similar topic only for you Order Now This, in my opinion, is the closest to an actual professional code I have seen thus far. As a learned profession, engineering students are expected to show the upmost standards of integrity and honesty. Since this is the code that we will be following while providing services as an engineer, our complete honesty fairness should be dedicated to the safety and welfare of the people. As an engineer, you are required to perform under a standard of professional behavior. It requires adherence to the highest principles of ethical conduct. As students, we are to practice the Code of Ethics on both the college and the District level. Every student in the college/district is expected to represent himself respectfully, whether it is on paper or verbal. This representation calls for honesty of information on all forms, applications and official documentation. In addition, we are to behave respectfully faculty, staff, administrators, other students and visitors as we represent our college and district. Academic honesty and academic integrity are to be maintained at their highest standards. All of the student’s work should be original. No type of academic dishonesty is acceptable. This includes cheating or lying on any assignment, quiz or exam. Providing false information or making false statements is impermissible. Gaining an unfair advantage over other students by any means of cheating is also against the ethical conduct. Cheating furthermore includes plagiarism, which is when a student uses the ideas of another and declares it as his or her own. Students are required to properly cite the original source of the ideas and information used in his or her work. Students of the district are expected to adhere to the rules and regulations set by the District. Students are to be responsible for any costs of the damages resulting from their behavior. Furthermore, use of illegal drugs, prescription drugs and alcohol should be highly avoided. We shall also refrain from using language or acting in a manner that is disrespectful or inappropriate towards other students and members of college. This also includes sexual assault and harassment. Students must behave respectfully toward their peers and professors. In the classroom setting, students may not interrupt their classmates or professor, make fun of them or their expressed views, or disrupt the learning environment. It is important to maintain the best learning environment for all students and professors. The fundamental canons lay down general duties. For example, engineers are required to â€Å"hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public,† to â€Å"issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner,† to â€Å"act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents and trustees,† and to â€Å"avoid all conflicts of interest. † Each engineer stands to benefit from these requirements both as ordinary person and as engineer. The benefits for an engineer as ordinary person are obvious: As an ordinary person, an engineer is likely to be safer, healthier, and otherwise better off if engineers generally hold paramount the public safety, only make truthful public statements, and so on. How engineers stand to benefit as engineers is less obvious . Generally, all the ideas from the Code of Ethics for Engineers apply to an engineering student. Two fundamental canons that stand out are number 3 and 6. Number 3 states that public statements issued should be in an objective and truthful manner. This means that all reports and statements from an engineer should include all relevant and pertinent information in such reports, statements, or testimony, which should bear the date indicating when it was current. The same way an engineering student is responsible for stating correct information on his/her assignments and reports with the mention of the correct date and time of any analysis or experimentation involved. Number 6 states the engineer conduct themselves honorably, ethically, and lawfully so as to enhance the honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession. This applies to engineering students as much because we are responsible for our own work and are expected to incorporate originality in our work. We should acknowledge our errors and shall not alter or distort the facts. We, as students, should look at the big picture and realize the long-term commitment to the field of engineering. Misrepresentation of any kind is unacceptable. A code of ethics is necessary in part because, without it, the self-interest of individual engineers, or even their selfless devotion to their employer, could lead them to harm everyone overall. The authors of a code of engineering ethics are all more or less rational persons. They differ from most other rational persons only in knowing what engineers must know in order to be engineers and in performing duties they could not perform but for that knowledge. It is therefore reasonable to suppose that their code of ethics would not require them to risk their own safety, health, or welfare, or that of anyone for whom they care, except for some substantial good. It also seems reasonable to suppose that no code they authored would include anything people generally consider immoral. Most engineers are probably morally decent people, unlikely to endorse an immoral rule. All scientific and engineering professions have a high standard of ethics. It is quite necessary, because many of the things scientists and engineers do affect both their own lives and those of the public as well. If a scientist reports a development from the laboratory incorrectly, it can even endanger someone’s life. If an engineer cheats on a design, it can also cost lives. Similarly, all of us would be concerned about driving over a bridge built by an engineer who cheated in school. We have learned of a number of situations in recent years in which people have acted unethically and the results have been very bad for the people who trusted them. This is also the reason why new disciplines of engineering ethics are emerging all over colleges and universities. Handouts and instructor’s guides in different courses in the electrical, civil and mechanical engineering departments are made mandatory to a student to have a good sense of. Understanding the Code of Ethics for Engineers as a convention between professionals, we can explain why engineers cannot depend on mere private conscience when choosing how to practice their profession, no matter how good that private conscience and why engineers should take into account what an organization of engineers has to say about what engineers should do. What conscience would tell us to do absent a certain convention is not necessarily what conscience would tell us given that convention. Insofar as a code of professional ethics is a kind of a morally permissible convention, it provides a guide to what engineers may reasonably expect of one another. It describes what the rules of the game are. Just as we must know the rules of baseball to know what to do with the ball, so we must know engineering ethics to know, for example, whether, as engineers, we should merely weigh safety against the wishes of our employer or instead give safety preference over those wishes. A code of ethics should also provide a guide to what we may expect other members of our profession to help us do The question now is why, all things considered, an engineer should obey her profession’s code. We should begin by dismissing two alternatives some people find plausible. The obligations of an engineer do not seem to rest on anything so contingent as a promise, oath, or vow. So, the convention between professionals is not a contract. It is more like an obligation resting not on an actual agreement, but on what it is fair to require of someone given what he has voluntarily done, such as accepted the benefits that go with claiming to be an engineer. One way society has of saying things is through law. No law binds all engineers to abide by their profession’s code. Of course, society has ways of saying things other than by law, for example, by public opinion. But it seems doubtful that the public knows enough about engineering to have an opinion on most matters of engineering ethics. After all, there have been both irrational laws, those requiring the use of outmoded techniques and immoral laws, those enforcing slavery. The public opinion supporting such laws could not have been much less irrational or immoral than the laws themselves. In conclusion, Engineers should not only do as their profession’s code requires, but should also support it less directly by encouraging others to do as it requires and by criticizing, ostracizing, or otherwise calling to account those who do not. They should support their profession’s code in these ways for at least four reasons: First, engineers should support their profession’s code because supporting it will help protect them and those they care about from being injured by what other engineers do. Second, supporting the code will also help assure each engineer a working environment in which it will be easier than it would otherwise be to resist pressure to do much that the engineer would rather not do. Third, engineers should support their profession’s code because supporting it helps make their profession a practice of which they need not feel morally justified embarrassment, shame, or guilt. And fourth, one has an obligation of fairness to do his part insofar as he claims to be an engineer and other engineers are doing their part in generating these benefits for all engineers. How to cite Role of Ethics in the Life of an Engineering Student, Essays

Lonely Planet Guides Global Explorers free essay sample

World‘lonely planet guides global explorers ‘ Qamp;A 1. Why the lonely planet can get the big successful in global? Lonely planet runs the business more than 30 years and publishes more than 500 different guides to destinations around the world. Moreover they have more than 500 employees in offices on three continents, as well as 300 writers out combing the world for information. All of these up to the company choose the suit target market and the right marketing strategy. In 2007, the Wheelers decided sold the company to the BBC, it was a best choice for lonely planet because can make the company developing well than past. Actually, the decision makes more contribution to Lonely Planet. The BBC’s extensive network of distribution channel helped lonely planet popularity and acceptance increased. 2. Did the lonely planet guides meet the cultural sensitivity? Yes, they are. So they employed more than 300 contributors from dozens of difference countries and try them best to offset the language barrier. We will write a custom essay sample on Lonely Planet Guides Global Explorers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The series of Lonely Planet Guides are really helped a lot of people for travel. The company guides based on the each cultural difference, and make their consumer feel easy and convenience when travelling in new countries. The Wheelers have ensured that Lonely Planet maintains a total commitment to responsible travel, right down to using recycled materials in publishing. And through the tremendous impact their guides have had on travelers around the world, they have certainly done far more than their share to make this lonely planet a better place. Today, more than ever, they write on their website, were utterly convinced of the incredible importance of travel. Its only through traveling, through meeting people, that we begin to understand that were all sharing this world. We are all coming along for the ride, despite the barriers which governments, religions and economic and political beliefs often seem to build up between us.

Watergate Essays (2387 words) - Watergate Scandal, John Dean

Watergate WATERGATE Sex, drugs, money, power, you name it and there is a scandal for it, but look back and you will see that from all the scandals there have been, Watergate was among the worst. The Watergate scandal had everything. From Nixon disgracing the presidency by lying to the country and abusing his power, to his committees being involved in illegal acts and a big cover up. All leading to little side roads of corruption and lies. Watergate is by far one of the worst presidential scandals in the history of the United States. In the story of Watergate, five burglars were found breaking into democratic offices at the Watergate complex in Washington DC. The break-in was passed off as just another burglary, but when the burglars were found to have connections with the CIA, questions were starting to be asked. Then when the phone number of Howard Hunt was found in one of the burglars phone books, it made people think, ?Why would one of the burglars have the phone number of one of the presidents men Then there is Richard Nixon, the man of the hour, plays the role of the president of the United States of America. The man that was voted into office by the people, and the man that swore to serve the people. When Watergate was uncovered, it revealed that the president was a liar and a cheat. The president lied to our country, lied about his involvement, concealed self incriminating evidence, abused his power, and planed to have the CIA stop the FBI investigations. He was also deeply involved with the cover up and still lied about his involvement. During the times of the unraveling of Watergate, questions were asked about connections with the White House and the president, but when the president was asked about it at a press conference he assured Americans that ?The White House has no involvement whatever in this particular incident.? He was lying to the country like it was part of his job (Dorman 158). The lying did not end there, it went on and on for months, and as the scandal kept unraveling, ?President Nixon and White House, and creep officials were deliberately misleading the public about the significance of the Watergate affair? (158). As Watergate was becoming a front-page article in the newspapers, new evidence was being uncovered. One piece of evidence that changed the peoples ideas of our president was the tapping of every conversation in the oval office ?since about the 18th month of president Nixon's term? (Kutler 368). Those tapes would soon prove that the president was deeply involved in the scandal. During the trials, ?the Nixon administration claimed that the March 21st, 1973 meeting was the first Nixon had heard of the cover-ups?, but after the tapes were heard it was discovered that Nixon was involved from the beginning (Heritage 36). The Nixon tapes brought out much controversy. The tapes alone could prove the president innocent or guilty, whichever one it was, Nixon refused to hand over the tapes. the courts then demanded the tapes, and Nixon still would not give them up. After much struggle Nixon agreed to give a transcript of the tapes. The transcripts brought to light a significant amount of evidence against Nixon. The transcripts revealed payoffs, affiliation with the burglaries, and the OK's to the cover-up, But most important ?the transcripts showed that Nixon had lied repeatedly after he had denied knowing anything about the conspiracy? (27). After much struggle, the courts finally got the tapes from Nixon, It was Archibald Cox that issued the subpoena for the tapes, and that started the bloodbath we now know as the Saturday night massacre. ?The night of October 20,1973, possibly the most tumultuous in American political history, when the special Watergate prosecutor and the nations two top law officers lost their jobs within the space of an hour and a half.? (Heritage 38). Soon the country would find a new problem with the tapes. ?When the presidents lawyers were going over the tapes, they came along an 18 minute gap during a conversation with Nixon and Haldman? (34). Three weeks later, the gap was discovered, Rosemary Woods (Nixon's secretary) testified that while transcribing

Ethnic and racial identity and adolescent Well-Being The WritePass Journal

Ethnic and racial identity and adolescent Well-Being Bibliography Ethnic and racial identity and adolescent Well-Being Identity is often termed as a way of thinking and analysing about oneself, which usually takes place during adolescence. However some studies have suggested that the development of identity starts with the infant’s discovery of self, which as a result continues throughout childhood. This then eventually becomes the main centre of attention during adolescence, which clearly indicates the importance of understanding ones identity. Similarly understanding the ethnic part of identity is also regarded as a vital task of self discovery. As to why adolescence during the process of understanding their identity they also begin exploring their culture as well as their ethnic background. This article analyses the empirical and theoretical literatures that notifies us about the development of a positive understanding of oneself, mentally as well as ethnically. This article also explores how exploring the ethnic identity affects the mental health of the adolescent. This article also reviews this specific area of study by including research on both behavioural and the psychological outcomes of the adolescent in regards to discrimination, their mental health and the relationship in the midst of the ethnic identity. However the authors have specifically paid more attention to the ethnic identity and the academic achievement of the adolescent. Since these two factors often tend to have a link according to some studies. Similarly this is what Phinney and Kohatsu (1997) have suggested, as they argued that the achievement of a positive ethnic identity can eventually lead to a higher self esteem, better relations with friends and family but more importantly better grades. As during early adolescents some adolescents may often tend to deny any form of interest in their cultural or racial background but they quickly however become more and more aware of it due to conflicts that maybe occurring between their subculture and the dominant culture. As a result of these conflicts  Ã‚   some adolescents begin to develop some form of understanding of their heritage and background. This new knowledge that the adolescent has gained as result can encourage a sense of pride and acknowledgment of their ethnic bac kground. An increase number of research has suggested that adolescents of colour, ethnic identity in actual fact plays a major role in healthy changes that occur in their lives. Rotheran and Phinney (1998) have similarly suggested that ethnic and racial attitudes among the majority of children seem to have come together by about the age of 10 years. According to Rotheran and Phinney (1998) this outlines how important it is to examine and analyse the role that ethnic identity plays in the development of early adolescents. Other research have found that among minorities, at about only one and a half have not explored their ethnicity, about one quarter have been involved in exploring it and finally about one quarter have explored it and were committed to an ethnic identity. Phinney (1992) analysed that the procedure of developing the identity were alike across the three minority groups that the research was based on however particular issues that the each group were facing were very different. As Phinney and Kohatsu (1997) also gathered that unlike most Caucasian adolescents, the minority adolescents feel that they are required to make the decision of what extent their racial or cultural background will be part of their identity. As painful issues regarding ways in which their subculture is identified in society can lead to racism or inequality. This very common during early adolescence where minority adolescents tend to show any interest in their racial or cultural background. Similarly for example a headscarf; this item is often seen as religious as well as a cultural garment where the individual may feel they need to adjust it in order to avoid isolation or discrimination. Instead they may wear a more acceptable head garment or clothing in order to fit in with everyone else. Society is becoming more multicultural and multiethnic and being part of an ethnic group has become an important part of personal identity for most adolescents. During this specific phase or stage in life the adolescents often faces physical and mental adjustments. Arguably this particular stage in life is often associated with substantial number of changes in one’s self. Erikson (1968) and Blos (1962, 1979) both suggested that adolescence is regarded as a major life stage in terms of the formation ones identity as well as the development of the social perspective of life. Erikson (1968) and Blos (1962, 1979) argued that in order for the adolescent to understand the social aspect of their identity they must receive community acceptance for their behaviour.   Erikson (1968) in particular discussed the role intergenerational socialization plays in society. Intergenerational socialization suggests the social interaction between members of different generations.   Erikson (1968) further added that society therefore is required to provide a shared values and interests. This is to prevent the clashing of different values and beliefs but instead this allows those members of different generations to have shared ideas on what norms, values and beliefs are. According to Rotheran and Phinney (1987), they defined ethnic identity as one’s sense of belonging to particular ethnic group. Rotheran and Phinney (1987) also added that becoming a member of a specific ethnic group can somewhat determine the perceptions, thoughts, feelings and attitudes of certain issues regarding society. Rosenthal and Feldman (1992) suggested that because the family equips the child with their first experience as members of a specific ethnic group, it is therefore evident that parent’s have some form of involvement in the adolescents understanding of ethnic identity. Similarly Rosenthal and Feldman (1992) argued that those adolescents, who are confronted with conflicts with their own ethnic identity, may have been facilitated from the parent’s difficulties with the process of accepting their own ethnic identity. With the increased ethnic diversity in society, adolescents as a result are now interacting across ethnic and racial lines within their schools and communities that are a making the differences amongst ethnicity more apparent. As one is more likely to identify how different another’s ethnic identity is. According to Maldonado (1975) ethnic self-identity is a term used to define the combination of race, self image and self concept. It is when one fully recognizes their ethnicity instead of the self image that is based on the views and prejudices of the larger society towards a specific ethnic group. Maldonado (1975) argued that ethnic identity forms from within rather than the stereotypical images society imposes on ethnic identities. However Maldonado (1975) did state that it is important to mention that the stereotypes that are formed by the large society on certain ethnic groups can be a positive addition to the adolescent’s sense of pride or shame regarding their own ethnicity. Maldonado (1975) also insisted that this stereotype formed by the larger society can be the basis for the adolescent recognizing why they are faced with identity conflicts. A number of researchers have modelled what the process of ethnic development includes. Many of these models of ethnic identity and racial identity developments have been based on the work of Erik Erikson (1968). According to Erikson (1968) during the fifth stage of his model, the adolescent’s identity development becomes the primary developmental task in others words the most important part of their development. During this specific time, Erikson (1968) argued that adolescent starts the process of self discovery in many aspects of their life regarding their future, their career, their religious and cultural identity but also their racial and ethnic identity. Whereas Marcia (1980) argued that one views their identity as a structure of beliefs or past experiences regarding their self.   According to Marcia (1980) the better developed the structure of the individual’s identity is, the more able they are in identifying their own strengths and weakness. However the less developed the structure of their identity is, the more confused the individual may seem about their own individuality from others in which instead they may have to rely on outer sources to assess themselves. Furthermore Marcia (1980) regarded identity as a dynamic, not a motionless psychological structure. The way the adolescent’s identity is arranged sets the stage for changes that will continue to occur throughout the adult years until one is content with their identity. Many researchers have disagreed on the use of the terms ethnicity and race. As Marshall (2002) stated that both ethnicity and race are related to one another. However Marshall (2002) argued that ethnicity and race extends further than what is visible amongst specific groups, as this also includes the social history that these groups of individuals have experienced themselves which is different to other groups. This is because for example Afro- American groups are also known for their social history, as most of their ancestors have been part of the slavery this is what is recognisable within their racial or ethnic group other than their skin colour. Some researchers simply refer ethnic identity as a shared view of the world, language, behaviour which can also be associated with the cultural and religious background.   Alba and Waters (1990) analysed that ethnicity is regarded for some as an important factor of identity, in particular those who are from ethnic groups of colour in comparison to those who are from European/ White American backgrounds. Bernal and Knight (1993) also viewed ethnic identity as way of referring to one’s ethnic group membership. Bernal and Knight (1993) observed that ethnic identity is an essential aspect to the way an adolescent views themselves.   In addition to this Bernal and Knight (1993) argued that the ethnic identity of the adolescent is also associated with the feeling of belonging somewhere. Although there is a clear link between ethnic identity and group membership, Cross (1991) examined ethnic identity as not being a categorical variable. However Cross (1991) suggested that ethnic identity is rather a complex, multidimensional construct that is different dependent on what group the adolescent is part of. Races and ethnicity often play significant roles in minority group members self concept since these terms interact with the way society views them as well as the privileges that comes with it.   According to Wakefield and Hudley (2005) those adolescents with unexamined ethnic identities have not explored their ethnic membership group and therefore have very little understanding of issues regarding ethnicity and identity. Although at some point many adolescents may move into finding and searching for their ethnic identity. Contrary to Wakefield and Hudley (2005), some research has shown some disagreement as to what contributes to the developmental progression that occurs during adolescences in regards to ethnic identity. As some argue that when an adolescent has encountered some form of racial or discriminative abuse, this shifts gradually from unexamined ethnic identity to searching for their ethnic identity. However other research suggests that adolescents who live in multicultural societies happen to mature socially and cognitively because they are becoming more aware of their ethnic backgrounds where they then form some kind of desire or interest of understanding it better. Guanipa-Ho and Talley (1991) have both also suggested that ethnic identity is a fundamental component of how an individual functions psychologically.   Since one’s ethnic identity and self identity has proven to be highly influential to their behaviour which is also directly linked to their personality as well as their mental health. Moreover those adolescents who come from ethnic minority backgrounds must develop a positive as well ethnic and racial identity, this is so that they are able to protect and defend themselves against any racial, prejudice and discriminative abuse that still remains in society today. This for example the Black Americans often are viewed by the rest of America as low achievers in schools or involved with crime for instance. However Phinney (1992) analysed that belonging to a certain ethnic minority group doesn’t necessarily predict how high or low one’s self esteem is, whereas it is that sense of belonging that contributes to one’s self esteem. To conclude with, all these different findings agree that a positive and strong ethnic identity contributes to a good mental healthy which also encourages academic achievement.   An increasing number of studies have all suggested that the ethnic identity process determines how well the adolescent does academically but it can also trigger a number of negative factors which includes having low self esteem, getting involved with crime or drugs etc. Overall this article clearly outlines why it is essential that schools promote and encourage same race as well as cross race peer relationships. This is important as adolescents today live in a very diverse and multicultural society so it is important that they are not only surrounded with those people who are from similar as well as different ethnic, in order to prevent discrimination and racism. Bibliography Erikson, E. (1968) ‘Identity: youth and crisis, New York: New York Times company. Phinney, J. (1992) ‘The multi-group Ethnic Identity Measure: A new scale for use with adolescents and you adults from diverse groups’, Journal of adolescent Research, 7, (1), 156-176 Wakefield, W.D Hudley, C. (2005) ‘African American male adolescents’ preferences in responding to racial discrimination: Effects of ethnic identity and situational influences’, Adolescence, 40 (1) 237-256 Phinney, J. Kohatsu, E.L.   (1997) ‘Ethnic and Racial identity development and Mental health, in Schulenberg, J Maggs, J Hurrelmann, K. (ed.) Health risks and Developmental Transitions during Adolescence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

AMERICAN HISTORY SINCE 1900 Assignment Two Essay

AMERICAN HISTORY SINCE 1900 Assignment Two - Essay Example The argument that social benefits would result from unrestrained enterprise sounds very sincere when one reads Hoover’s writing. He actually adopts a moderate position at some points, recognizing that abuses of power do occur in the business world. He acknowledges that exploitation is possible; therefore he renounces a laissez faire attitude towards the regulation of business (Hawley, 218). The problem arises, says Hoover, when government exerts too much control over business. That is when abuses occur, only this time it is the government in the role of abuser. Finding the balance seems to be his message, but he undeniably states that the vast majority of business should be unregulated or else individual freedom would be lost. These documents reveal that Hoover really views business as a noble benefactor to all who participate. He seems to assume that businesses will pay a fair wage because it is the right thing to do. He also seems to assume that discrimination of any type do es not exist. Discrimination of sex, religion or ethnicity really hinders the freedom of some groups in America. He ignores the fact that business does nothing to address discrimination and the resulting loss of freedom for the individuals affected. Work Cited Hawley, Ellis W. Herbert Hoover as Secretary of Commerce: Studies in New Era Thought and Practice. Des Moines: University of Iowa, 1981. Print. Americans responded positively to the new business spokesmen because their priorities had shifted and they were looking for a new way to address the ills of society. Americans have always felt that their nation was unique among other nations. Some have expressed the idea that America was a sort of Promised Land because of the ideals that are expressed in the Constitution. Others point the freedoms in the Bill of Rights while some point to the abundant natural resources of America as evidence for the nation’s success. That said, most Americans recognize that there are still abidi ng difficulties in our society. Discrimination, poverty and homelessness are problems that were present in the 1920’s, and they still exist today. Americans were so receptive to the idea that business could solve all of societies ills because they recognized some in America were treated unfairly and that there was inequality. Business was so attractive partly because many of the other social institutions had failed to remedy the problem. It is apparent that the writing of the pro-business supporters exposes some assumptions Americans make about their society based on past experiences. Specifically, it shows that Americans have long looked to religion and education to help cure some of the ills in society. Edward Purington was such a supporter of business that he said there was more Christianity in a square inch of the office equipment of leading industrialists that there was in an entire Sunday congregation (Lorence, 188). For Americans to buy into this sort of rhetoric, they must have had bad prior experiences with religion and education. Work Cited Lorence, James. Enduring Voices: From 1865. Washington D.C.: Heath, 1993. Print. The 1920’s were a time of great social change. Many different groups were trying to advocate for their place in society. Division along ethnic lines was especially fierce during this decade. Mexican and Japanese immigrants were routinely denied citizenship and discriminated against in the courts. The rise of the KKK happened during this decade as well

Technology and growth in the Chinese Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technology and growth in the Chinese - Essay Example A study of rice production yield in 13 rice growing provinces between the year 1978-1984 showed that adoption of technology in production contributed to a 40% growth in rice production while between 1985 and 1990 technology was the sole contributor to increased rice production (Huang 27). The rural economy therefore adopted the use of technology in rice production leading to increased productivity. This shows that technology has a major impact in the economy of china as it has contributed massively to the growth of the major economic sector of china. Ideally, technology is a key tool for any economy to experience much positive change. This can be in the form of new improved tools of production, adoption in technology in the processing of raw material as well new improved ways of storage to add life to products. Furthermore, technology opens up foreign markets to local investors through the electronic commerce platform that enables trade across borders. The growth in the market size increases demand leading to more productivity to satisfy the growing demand. The main aim of small upcoming firms is to grow and establish itself firmly in the market. This will enable the firms to compete well in the industry. This can be achieved well through networking. Networking is mainly the use of the contacts a firm has with relevant firms in the industry; this can be in the form of advice for the management of well established firms, suppliers, financiers and other stakeholders who may impact positively to the growth of the firm. This will assist the firm to grow faster than other firms that prefer to stand out alone without any networks. A study carried out in china where the managers of three upcoming firms were interviewed and three who were successful affirmed using networking while those that did not experience much growth did not embrace networking. This shows the importance of networking for any technology oriented firm. According to a study

Webdesign for an online shopping environment Essay

Webdesign for an online shopping environment - Essay Example Using this, the available sizes, image of the product can also be maintained. All this would help the person in easy selection of the product that she wants to buy. After checking on the check boxes available, the person can go to the payment counter where she can pay for the total bill including all the purchases done by her thus far. The user can log off at any point in time. Payment is taken through a paypal link. The menu in the logged on screen will also have My Account which would provide information about the account of the person who has logged on. This would include the purchases already done by her and her particulars like shipping addresses and the registered details. Any alteration if it has to be done can be done by her here. The screen will be in orange and black. Only three colours are used including white. HCI norms indicate that using more than three or four colours would make the working uncomfortable. Additionally, the screen is made in such a way that the menu is on the right side while there is lots of working space in the main area. This would also be the space for displaying information and collecting data. 3. This information is verified with the user data and if it matches, the user is allowed entry into the system. Else an error message is shown with the option to click Forgot Password / Register as well as Home where the user can reenter. 5. User can click on the Buy Now button to get into the invoice. The invoice will list all the items the user has selected along with their quantities and price. If the user wants to remove some item, she may do so here. She can also increase the quantity of the items by directly altering the number. The invoice is recalculated. 5. User can click on the Buy Now button to get into the invoice. The invoice will list all the items the user has selected along with their quantities and price. If the user wants

Qualitative Research on How We Know the City

Qualitative Research on How We Know the City How do we come to know the city? A city can be defined in a number of ways (Parr, 2007): firstly, in a physical sense of the territory it occupies (Smart, 1974); secondly, by its population size (Newling, 1996; Eeckhout, 2004); or alternatively, by the area dedicated to urban activities (Hall Hay, 1980). All of these interpretations of the meaning of a city have come about from different perceptions of certain cities, which can be researched using various qualitative methods. The qualitative methods that will be discussed in this essay include ethnography, participant observation, interviewing, and focus groups, arguing that a combination of approaches should be taken to reflect the dynamism of cities. Thus, this essay will examine how we come to know a city, taking a particular focus on Newcastle, located in North East England (Miles, 2005). The city is a taken-for-granted concept, frequently used unthinkingly in everyday life (Cloke et al., 2005). We live in an increasingly urbanised world (Hamnett, 2005), with 60% of the global population expected to be housed in cities by 2030 (United Nations (UN), 2016). However, trends of rapid suburbanisation and counter urbanisation have been witnessed since the 1980s, particularly in developed countries such as the UK, in which the city of Newcastle is located (Champion, 1989; Cheshire, 1995). In some cities, this suburbanisation is coupled with inner-city decline, subsequently followed by gentrification and city centre regeneration (Ley, 1996; Peach, 1996; Smith, 1996). Thus, contemporary cities are often characterised by growing inequalities, social segregation and socio-spatial unevenness (Hamnett, 2003; Knox Pinch, 2010). As Geographers, it is important to know how these cities are changing, both in terms of their economic foundation and social structure (Hamnett, 2005). Thi s can be done using qualitative research methods, which examine the ways in which different social groups visualise, feel and know the city, through a multitude of senses, rather than merely sight (Cloke et al., 2005). Therefore, a multiple-method approach is most desirable in order to know that there is more to a city than its physical existence and material construction (Elwood, 2010). Unlike quantitative research methods, qualitative methodologies do not begin with the presumption that there is a pre-existing world that can be known; instead, we see the world socially, as a construct that is constantly changing (Limb Dwyer, 2001). The emphasis, therefore, is to understand the meanings of everyday experiences of the cities (Limb Dwyer, 2001). Ethnographies are one of these such methods, which are characterised by in-depth approaches (Watson Till, 2010), rather than aiming to necessarily produce statistical data. This method involves living and working within a community to understand how people experience their everyday lives, and thus the city (Cook, 2010). Participant observation is a research method heavily emphasised by ethnography. It enables investigation into behaviours and socio-spatial interactions (Cloke et al., 2004) in a more natural setting, therefore producing more reliable responses as participants feel at ease (Western, 1992). Although this method does provide the researcher with a greater depth of understanding as they come to know the participants on a personal level, the research is based upon a very small sample size, which raises questions over to what extent reliable conclusions can be drawn (Limb Dwyer, 2001). Thus, it is important to use other methods, such as interviewing different groups of people, in order to overcome the temptation of generalising. Furthermore, it can be difficult for the researcher to detach themselves and remain an outside observer, as one becomes an intimate member of the group, often over a prolonged period (Chrisman, 1976). Overall, participant observation as a part of ethnographic resea rch produces tacit knowledge of peoples interactions with the city (Stake, 2005), thus aiding in explanation of how we come to know the city. Defined as a conversation with a purpose (Bingham Moore, 1966), semi-structured interviews are one of the most commonly used qualitative methods in social science research, and Human Geography in particular (Crang, 2002; Longhurst, 2003; Kvale, 2007). Despite often mistakenly being criticised for not being representative or scientific, as Valentine (2005) outlines, an interview enables the researcher to understand the mental world of individual people (McCracken, 1988), and how they experience and make sense of their own everyday lives, and thus, how they come to know the city. Interviewers tend to loosely base their questions on an interview schedule, which consists of memory prompts and key topics of discussion (Keats, 2000; Bryman 2004), however, this is often deviated from due to the fluid nature of this methodology (Limb Dwyer, 2001). Time consuming. Cultural and historical knowledge. Another qualitative research method that can be used to investigate how we come to know the city is focus groups. These usually consist of a one-off meeting among five to eight individuals (Limb Dwyer, 2001) where they are often presented with a set of small tasks, such as watching a short video (Goss, 1996). For the researcher, this is an efficient way of gaining an insight into the ways in which people come to know the city (Krueger Casey, 2015), by getting participants to share their personal experiences and argue for different points of view (Barbour Kitzinger, 1999). Rather than interviewing on an individual basis, which can create disproportional power relations (Smith, 2006), the focus group context shows the researcher how certain individuals interact with each other, allowing conversations to develop in arguably a more common social situation (Lunt Livingstone, 1996). However, if the group are not interested in the topic, it can be very difficult for the researcher to ge t the conversation to flow (Agar MacDonald, 1995). Furthermore, it is important to be aware of high dropout rates, and factor this in when planning research using this method (Limb Dwyer, 2001). For this reason, focus groups tend to be used in conjunction with other methodologies, such as interviewing, rather than as a stand-alone approach (Frey Fontana, 1993). Produces practical, context-dependent knowledge (Starman, 2013). Knowledge. Several misconceptions, such as that knowledge is only gained through observation of the world (Sayer, 1992). (Law, 2005). According to Sayer (1992), knowledge is in fact gained through a common language, interaction with other people, and the use of shared resources. Different types of knowledge are appropriate to different functions and contexts (Sayer, 1992). The city looks and feels different, depending on the perspectives of those inhabiting the space (Law, 2005). Dominant way of looking in Geography normalised as white, heterosexual male. (Rose, 1993; Rose, 1997). Excludes viewpoints of people from different races, sexualities, genders, and abilities (Law, 2005). Marginalisation of deaf and blind people, etc. in the city until the turn of the century (see Kitchen et al., 1997). These people are likely to have different experiences of the place. In terms of gender, women can find streets lined with trees intimidating at night as they reduce the visibility of being see n (Valentine, 1989). To others, it feels natural and seems aesthetically pleasing, particularly during the day. The city looks and feels, and is therefore known as, being different, depending on the perspectives of those inhabiting the urban space (Law, 2005). Mixed methods. Historically, Geography has been understood as a visual discipline. However, as Rodaway (1994) highlights, we come to know a city through a variety of senses: smell (Porteous, 1985), sound (Ingham, 1999; Smith, 2000), touch (Podock, 1993), taste. Cosgrove (1998) further recognises this in our association between the visual world and the production of reliable knowledge, with little consideration of other sense. If we rely only on vision as the best way of knowing a city, we, as Human Geographers, consequently only research the remarkable and elite landscapes (rather than the everyday) that are often theoretically only seen from above, rather than below (Law, 2005). If we mimic the position of urban planners in only seeing the city from above, we risk fixing its meaning, and thus denying its complexity (Law, 2005). Thus, it is important to take a multiple-methods approach in order to come to know the city through all of our senses In conclusion, this essay has argued that the city can become best known through a multiple-method qualitative research approach, incorporating a combination of ethnographies, participant observation, interviews and focus groups. It is important not to over-emphasis on visual sight, but also consider other, less-appreciated senses that contribute to our overall knowing of the city.

Fitting In in the book I Want to Be Miss America Essay examples -- Jul

In â€Å"I Want to Be Miss America,† Julia Alvarez examines her adolescent struggle to be â€Å"American.† For Alvarez, her Hispanic culture becomes a burden to her inclusion in American society. So, Alvarez and her sisters, struggle to become what they are not, Americans. Alvarez uses a somewhat biased stereotype to identify the model of an ideal American, but she does make clear. The struggle of all American teenagers to fit into or molded by a standard which for many of them is impossible to achieve. Relating to Alvarez and her struggle is very easy and well known in every generation. Society puts a ridiculous high standard on outer appearances, especially for girls and women. Women grasp the perspective of the standards that are set and put them into drive. Women become stressed, emotional, and nutcases because they want to please others instead of pleasing themselves. In some cases, women have died trying to live up to these customaries, if not becoming dangerously ill. As a young lady, knowing what could happen, frightens but doesn’t phase me. Wi...

Bio-Medical Discourse

Discuss the strengths and limitations of social work practice within an organization, such as a hospital, that operates from a biomedical discourse (give an example)? The biomedical discourse is one of the most influential discourses in the health care profession today (Healy, p. 20). Biomedicine is a dominant and pervasive model in health care settings and there are strengths and limitations in working within the this discourse.One of the strengths of working within this model, it allows you to work within a multidisciplinary team with psychiatrists, doctors, nurses, and other medical staff and this opens up a whole new perspective for social workers. We get to see the medical side of things and how that affects the person. When a medical professional see’s a patient they see the direct problem of that patient and there disease.Using this model and all of our social work skills and approaches will give us a total picture of what is happening in that person’s life by no t only looking at the environment but putting other factors into place such as the biological aspect. We can help out clients navigate through the health care system and can clarify medical terms to help them feel at ease with there illness. The biomedical discourse has its limitations as well.This model works under the belief that disease’s are caused by a specific biological agents or processes and fails to take a deeper look at the individual environment and living factors. It is out job as social workers to look at all of the other factors such as environment, family, culture ect of that individual, not just the focusing on the person and modifying the person. I worked with a social worker on the cardiac rehab unit at the Glenrose Hospital and she worked with a patient that had a heart attack and had bypass surgery and is now in rehab.He was given medications to take after the surgery and most likely will be on for the rest of his life. The doctors tell the patient all ab out the medial procedure they just had, what current medications they are on and how to take them and what the side effects are, nut never talk about all the other factors that come into play. The social worker has to now prepare not only the patient to return home but has to prepare the family as to how there environment will be changing in order to have a safe recovery for the patient.As social workers it can be hard for us to ignore the environmental contributions in an individual’s life. The social worker only had two visits with the patient and the family, the nutritionist had another two visit’s and the physician has on going visits with the patient for as long is needed. The physician was only concerned with the disease and diagnosis of the patient and modifying the person. Another limitation is the focus on medicalization. Not everyone is in need of medical attention and to be put on medication.Our jobs as social workers are to recognize that people’s en vironments really do affect them. Person can come into see there GP and tell them that they are depressed, the first thing they do is put them on med’s for their depression. They don’t look at what has been going on in that person’s life, have they been through a major trauma, what changes have been happening. All they look at are the symptoms and the medications to go along side of them. This determines that the doctor is the expert and knows best.

Example Journal †Creative Writing Brainstorming Exercise

Example Journal – Creative Writing Brainstorming Exercise Free Online Research Papers Example Journal Creative Writing Brainstorming Exercise JE#1- l connected immediately with the parson because of his analytical nature. Unlike the other characters he did not take things as they came he instead took a less optimistic perspective and discounted the quick fix so to speak as ineffective at best and recommended a different course of action through penitence. He acted smarter and significantly more cautious two very important qualities. JE#2 We would be on a journey to Denver, Colorado. First of all is the punk a raunchy skater with a bawdy sense of humor. He, as you would expect, would spend his time at the skateparks. He would eat fast food, sleep cheap, and in traditional style have a skateboard in one hand and his duffel in the other. Not that I would have any experience with this. Next would be the elder gentleman with a short temper and an everlasting dirty look. This man would be on vacation most likely with his wife and he definitely would rather be at home right now. Throughout the course of the trip he may enjoy himself, but he will not show it. Next, the college student: smart, aware, and generally a good kid. He knows a lot about his selected major, well say engineering, and he has brought a laptop along to facilitate his reading. Finally there is the middle-aged single man. Hes had a lot of fun, and been in the same position as the college student, but now hes middle aged, sarcastic, and gaining we ight; perhaps he may know how to have fun still, but its hard to decide at this point. As they all pile in to the elder gentlemans venerable VW bus and head to Denver, they cant help but think that this trip will be exciting. The bus leaves as the middle-aged man and the skater exchange low blows using the best irony. JE#3 I would have been a serf because it seems the most exciting position. We have the money and all we have to do is live the simple life. We can move up, but we really dont have much to lose. JE#4 I agree with Ernest. Anyone unable to comprehend the most basic aspects of grammar and punctuation is already severely limited in their capabilities, so any type of extra credit seems completely ludicrous. Once you are able to write a paper that would meet the harshest grammatical standards, you can then be allowed to rewrite the rules in a more stylistic manner. Any writing that flows well is always acceptable, however an integral understanding of the ways of t he language is required in order to effectively author such a document. JE#5 When I wake up, I know instantly how much sleep I got the previous night if im very tired, i got 6-7 or more than 10 hours to sleep. Otherwise I got less than 6 or 7-10. JE#6 Ill be just fine, pretending Im not. Im far from lonely and its all that Ive got. Indie emo is about the third most phenomenal music ever. The Used happens to have some screaming in there, but screamo is good too. In fact, almost all indie music is good bands like Death Cab for Cutie and the Blood Brothers but not all emo music is good bands like And Then I Turned Seven and Cute is What We Aim For (even though their name ends with a preposition). Some emo bands are in denial theyre emo, but indie is more of a snobbish-type thing people like to say that they are indie. People like me. Emo, however, isfrequently made attacked, so many emoists find themselves contained to the closet, coming outside only in fair weather. Im sad today, but Im not sure why. JE#7 A report over something youve learned, if it is written well, provides an opportunity for everyone to learn a little. If it is written poorly, information must be extracted in the same manner that a dentist extracts teeth from a mouth. Some people write in the second style their entire life and never have any desire to improve because in their own minds they are good writers. For them, writing is not a learning process at all merely something they have to do to prove that they know whatever it is that they have learned. The alternative is to write as well as you can, improving with every word. Every time writers such as myself learn a new word, we love to incorporate it into our next piece, and we are willing to do what it takes to get that word in there. We have transcended the basic rules of grammar and punctuation to achieve a level of writing nirvana: all writing is very stylistic using all or none of the rules of grammar as we see fit, and incorporating literary devices s uch as allusions and allegories and (evidently) alliterations. JE#8 We decided to leave today. I wanted to stay because I know the house will be fine, and if it isnt, I dont know whether I want to come back or not. We didnt even have time to pack up all our posessions. We threw the clothes we could fit in all the suitcases and duffel bags I could find. We all piled into the car and left by way of the highway, and the traffic was so bad on the evacuation routes I knew if the tornado made it to land that day it wouldnt matter whether we had left or not. JE#9 Id be in Slytherin because that sounds like the most fun. They seem to be the pranksters so to speak, and not all of their fun is good and clean. Underneath their poor reputation, it sounds like a lot of the more alternative kids; the skaters so to speak. JE#10 Being sick is not a pretty feeling, however Ive noticed that after I throw up (multiple times if necessary), I tend to feel a lot better. Yesterday, for example, I had to deposit about nine separate groups in the sink at a friends house. After my final episode, I began to feel better and I noticed that I stopped feeling sick after about five minutes. Eating food and drinking water made a big difference, as did the mental part repeatedly telling myself that I had thrown up all that I could and that I was about to get better made me feel much less sick. Eventually, my friend told me we had to go and helped me to my car. I opened the door. I sat down. I looked up. I was good. I felt much better at this point, and off we went! We went to Shawnee Mission Park for a theater function that us and many other people could have sworn started at six oclock, but evidently was happening right after school. We drove around and looked, talked to a park ranger, and eventually left. I took him home, took myself home, and went to sleep after eating three (and eventually a fourth) oreos. Yesterday was a fun day, and today I woke up with the most hellish taste in my mouth you can imagine. JE#12 Ive always been partial to fiction, and as a result Ive become quite interested in plays and shows. Most recently, however, ive been a fan of nonfiction in the form of technical writings about Cisco routers and UNIX systems administration and Flash and PHP. Ive decided that my imagination is providing quite well for itself, and directing my eyes to more technical and higher level writings is not only improving my formal writing skills but also my web design skills. JE #13 So them RX-7s sure are nice cars. Its nice to be driving an rx-7 again as of a month ago today. Anyway, this is about Old Settlers and the many subcultures of suburban Olathe. Last night, I had to go out to eat with my grandparents for my uncles birthday, which was a lot of fun, but I was more interested in making an appearance at Old Settlers. Eventually I made it, and immediately found some fellow skaters standing in front of the 9-stair by the courthouse. Every year since about 8th grade Old Settlers has been a chance for me to go and show off the fact that Im a skater. Ever since 9th grade Ive gone because I can get away with skating the stairs. And to show off. The question is why are any (all) of us interested in that? We are generally the quiet kids that stay out of the spotlight, being social only at the skatepark. For some reason, this city-wide event makes us all more social. Perhaps it seems safer so to speak everyones in a good mood and nice. Like a little town. In the 50s . JE #14 The medias coverage is about a six on the richter scale. I didnt really see much of it because my working, skating, and extensive homework take priority to television, which I try to avoid anyway. Included information that I saw covered financial losses and displacement, but failed to cover martial law effectively. I learned that the federal government alone has accumulated three hundred billion dollars through FEMA and other emergency management/relief organizations almost three hundred thousand dollars per individual, and probably close to a million dollars per capita, but the news failed to mention any more details on the specifics of how this one thousand dollars per US resident was being spent. I saw a lot of interviews, some with national guardsmen, some with residents, and even more with police and other military personell, but none of these were very informative as they all said roughly the same thing the military and national guard have instituted a form of martial law and are now evacuating the entire affected area, no questions asked. The citizens all said something along the lines of today came with shattered dreams, everythings not what it seems, and I seem to have missed all the details about relocation and what the government plans to do in regard to rebuilding the city. The answers I have leave me with nothing but more questions. JE #15 Today well talk about JC Dentons favorite food. I used to work with a guy named JC, but he got fired last week so in honor of him, well go with JC Denton, star of the Deus Ex series of computer games. Being almost completely mechanized (a generation II mech, though, so he looks human), JC and his older brother paul most likely dont require much to eat besides chips. he seems like the type of person that would be into the barbecued variety, but it is also possible that he is a salt and vinegar fan. Throughout the game, however, the only food we see him consume is candy bars, which are a nice snack but hardly enough to live on, so our chips decision remains accurate. Good night. JE #16 Back in the day it was somewhat of a chore to print pictures as anything more than ascii art. The six-column layout provided a uniform look while still maintaining an element of readability. The pseudo-graphical heading adds a nice artistic touch as well. JE #17 This looks like a math teacher love poem. Let x be me, let y be you. Until that point, there is no indication of the real theme of the poem, but all lines (once the real meaning is discovered) add to the mathematical sweetness. My writing today is horrible because Im tired, and rather random as well. The last line of this poem is a switch of sorts where the theme surfaces and the meaning of the poem becomes obvious. JE#18 I am the Bell Stationary, shiny, tall, thin Naked, colored, empty, plain I sleep alone in solemn peace Till awakened. In a dark white box I sit like a stone Untouched, forgot, unmissed, alone No company to keep until I rot A bug, a mite, some mold perhaps Will visit me when JE#19 My plastic feet dont walk so well My dragon breath has gone to hell My hands are stuck My neck is fat My arms are sore My feet are flat I wish I may I wish I might Foam Chiefs Football Plastic laces, foam inside Black cloth stiching, lots of pride Small but bold Fading red I sit alone, unused, dklfgkdfjg JE#20 Lollipop lollipop Oh lolly, lolly, lollipop cinammon cherry strawberry red making lollipop visions inside my head youre going the distance Pointy and sharp and goofily shaped and goofy and weird and shiny and curvy Israelean books in arabic type swahili iberia norway and skype bendy and curvy and crazy and weak come keep my page and hurry to be sheik JE#21 My face is yellow and my body is red My insides are empty my neck is springy Go to the store and buy some pez Tily back my head and Derive from me an integer for limiting your regression The greatest common multiple of an imaginary conjecture Can be combined with the permutation of the factorial of the median Now I feel so empty inside so fill me up and let me go Fill me up and join the ride Tilt back my head and let my insides flow Research Papers on Example Journal - Creative Writing Brainstorming ExerciseThe Hockey GameMind TravelEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThree Concepts of PsychodynamicStandardized TestingMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Spring and AutumnIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)

Dueling in early modern England Essay Example

Dueling in early modern England Essay Example Dueling in early modern England Essay Dueling in early modern England Essay Dueling in Early Modern England History of Early Modern England If I could summarize the time period between 1485 to 1714 1 would choose the word turmoil. During this time period the concepts of honor and the duel would enter into the English culture. The first and most obvious question is; what is a duel and how is it different than a fight. Well I believe Barbara Holland does a pretty good Job of explaining the concept in modern terms in her book, Gentlemens Blood: a history of dueling from swords at dawn to pistols at dusk; If, in a bar, someone offends you, and you wheel and knock him off his barstool, and e snatches up a chair and comes after you, this is simply a fight, or a brawl, and the bouncer will break it up and throw you both out. But if, as is still the custom in punctilious places, you invite the villain out to the parking lot (l had to ask him outside, your report later, ruefully but pridefully), and some of your friends and some of his come along to hold your coats and see fair play, and you fght there, this is a duel. l The second question that must be asked is, what was it about England that made these concepts take such a strong hold there. I believe the answer to that question is hat honor and dueling arose as a response to the many changes to English society during this time period. These changes included capitalism, the protestant reformation, and the creation ofa new class of people, the gentry. In order to fully unaerstana tnese cnanges ana wny tne Ouel was so quickly accepted Dy tne Engllsn citizens we must look at their history prior to the duels introduction in the 1570s. It is roughly estimated that the middle ages ended around 1500 A. D. So England was just emerging from a period of time in which they had been essentially dormant as a society for about one thousand years. During this time period things remained fairly consistent. Warfare may have changed political boundaries occasionally, but even that the people had gotten used to. Catholicism ruled all over Europe during this time. Government and the economy was essentially the same no matter who was in charge, they were both based on a feudal system. Under feudalism a land owner rented their land to peasants who agreed to give the owner the majority of their crops. This landowner had pledged his allegiance to the King. As far as the economy was concerned it was relatively stagnant, the feudal lords set the prices and kept the ealth earned from their land. There was little room for advancement under this system for peasants, but this was all about to change. Under the rule of the next two dynasties, the Tudors and the Stewarts, England would see major changes as they emerged from a feudal system into a more modern capitalistic society. It was these changes that would contribute to the growing practice of honor and dueling. Before we discuss the changes and how they allowed the concepts of honor and dueling to enter into English society, let us first discuss the history and major concepts of the duel. The Justification for the duel most likely dates back to the biblical story of David and Goliath. 2 As the story goes the David, who was the huge underdog, was able to beat the far superior Goliath because he was on the side of good and he had god on his side. It was based on this idea that god would protect good in the face of evil despite any obvious advantages, that spurned the original duels around 1100. 3 These original duels were held to solve legal matters. It was believed that if a person felt he was wronged and the accused refused to admit guilt the two could settle the ispute with a duel and God would see that the side that was right would be victorious. This custom would be referred to as a Judicial duel or trial by duel. 4 This was Just the basis however, the duel as we have come to expect would require help from the Italian Renaissance to evolve. It was the Italian Renaissance that would introduce the concepts of courtesy and civility, these concepts when combined with the ideas already accepted in the Judicial duel that would formulate the images of the duel that we think of today. The Italian Renaissance placed a great deal of mphasis on sophisticated manors, particularly among people of nobility. 5 The Italians believed that there were strict codes and ethics that must be upheld when conducting ones self in a public forum. They called this courtesy, referring to the royal court as an example. The Italians then combined these regulations with the judicial duel to form duels of courtesy or honor. According to Italian custom, if a person felt that they had not been given proper courtesy then their honor had been injured. This was because that people showed honor by giving courtesies. 6 They in urn believed that the only proper way to defend this honor was a duel with the one who had caused this injury. Through this method God would protect the most honorable and Just side. As in many societies, as the nobles continued to practice these customs of courtesy and duels of honor soon to did the common folk, as they tried to impersonate the more elite members of society. Soon the idea would spread all over Europe as well. Along tne way tne rules ana reasons would De more clearly defined. By the time the duel reached England almost every situation of insult had a proper response and standard to be followed. The process of setting up a duel and the duel itself was very ritualistic. In order for a duel to take place a man had to receive a blow to his honor. The most sever of these insults which could include anything from not showing a man proper courtesy, the insult of a woman which was under the protection of a man, a slap or blow, or a private or public slur or defamation, was a lie. The lie was by far the greatest insult one gentleman could give to another. 8 In fact even by telling a story that was grand a person could often find themselves in a situation where they would be forced to defend their story. A lie, t was felt, broke down the very fabric of what honor represented to the people by insinuating that the person being lied to was not worth the truth. After an individuals honor had been insulted the individual was placed in a situation of decision. Either the y chose to fight to defend their honor or chose not to fight and lose it completely. A person choosing not to fght often received persecution similar to that of individuals who had been excommunicated from the church. This idea lead, Markku Peltonen a dueling historian, to write, When one gentleman had shown signs or words of discourtesy to another gentleman e had in effect insulted him and thus questioned his status as a gentleman. A challenge was the only possible way out of this situation for the insulted gentleman, because that would be the only way to demonstrate his courage and valor, to display his genteel character and thus to restore his tarnished reputation as a gentleman. Another man referred to as Guazzo wrote, [l]t was a greater offense to take away ones good name, which refresh the soul, than to defraud one of food, which sustains the body. 10 Clearly the choice was easy, so the next step was to submit a written challenge to the insulter. l These challenges early in dueling history were published to avoid ignorance of them. 12 The challenge once again l eft little option for the challenged. They too faced serious social repercussions if they didnt accept. 13 After acceptance the men went about the task of deciding on weapons and armor, place, time, and procedure. 4 They also named their seconds, the seconds were men chosen by the primary participants to see that all the rules were upheld. The weapons were probably the most important aspect of the decision process. The chosen weapon had to be deadly in order to fully protect ones honor. 5 Initially the sword was the weapon of choice, but it soon gave way to the rapier and the art of fencing. The rapier was a much lighter than the cumbersome sword and was able to used defensively while attempting to attack. 6 Now this is only a brief summary of some of the rules and practices and I have neglected to include the actual rules that were to be upheld during the fght. Many people today would probably feel that by the time all this pre-duel nonsense was done they wouldnt even be mad at the other person anymore. This might very well have been the point, during this time period a ight was looked down upon society as an uncontrollable outburst of emotion, a duel on the other hand was a polite response to an insult. 17 In theory, only the insults truly worth fighting for would ever actually reach the dueling ground. Now that the nlstory, rules, ana customs nave Deen summarlzea, we must 100K at tne cnanges which led to the duel becoming so popular in England despite a strong opposition from the church, the King, and even many of the people. As the feudal system broke down in England there were many changes to the English society, the first was the introduction ofa free market or capitalism. As I had discussed earlier England as well as the rest of Europe were all beginning to emerge from a period where they experienced relatively no change to the economy. But as the feudal system broke down and capitalism broke down many characteristics of a capitalistic society that we are all so used to today began to emerge to the surprise and bewilderment of the English people. Enclosure among the English countryside caused two situations that led to the acceptance and rise of honor and the duel. Enclosure was the practice of wealthy landowners buying up land that had been previously used by peasants and icking them off of it to make room for grazing or farming. This did two things; first of all it pushed the peasants which had previously been living in a rural setting into the cities. In the cities, they would be forced to work in factories and live in a very close proximity to one another. Factory work was very stressful, and there were no employee rights to protect them. This combined with the fact that these individuals were coming from a situations where they knew a relatively little amount of people, combined to form situations where very stressed out people were coming in contact ith many people with many different views and ideas. It is important to realize that these individual had little formal education and probably hadnt been introduced to differences of opinion. So when placed in a situation where someone would tell them something that they might not have ever experienced or been taught, it would only be natural for them to assume that the person was lying. The forced migration of these farmers into cities increased the population of many towns, and although the proportions of duels might not have increased the sheer number certainly would increase as the numbers of citizens in a particular city increased. Just as the movement of people to the cities fostered and perpetuated the duel in cities, their vacancy actually may have caused dueling in the rural areas as well. As the peasants left the lands and lords continued to expand upon their land, the relative distance between each landowners farm increased, this may have aided the duels acceptance and growth in popularity. This expanding of the population l ed to very little action in the rural areas. A duel in effect was a break in this norm, as word would spread it would give people something to talk about and assuming the duelists had decided to andle the dispute in public it even gave the country folk something to go see, reminiscent of the ancient Romans and the battles that they would hold at the coliseum. Although watching one man kill another because one may have exaggerated on how much money he had, might not seem like a very wholesome form of entertainment in seventeenth century rural England this may be a once a year event that you must not miss. Enclosure wasnt the only capitalistic feature that might have cause the rise of and growth of honor and the duel, inflation was also a completely new concept to the English people. Inflation is the idea that prices of products will inevitably fluctuate over time as the economy changes. During the feudal system however prices had been set, but as the economy switched to capitalism the people began to notice that prices of everything were rising uncontrollaDly. In America we try to regulate tnls pnenomenon tnrougn tne regulation on currency in circulation and setting interest rates at a standard. While inflation may not have been a direct cause for the rise of honor and dueling it definitely lead to added amounts of stress among the people as they tried to make sense of what was going on. It also would stand to reason that if the people didnt understand this concept that as merchants began to charge them different prices they would begin to be upset, in fact they may have actually called some of the merchants liars or cheats. These claims would have undoubtedly led to duels because individuals honor would have been hurt. Capitalism wasnt the only change that caused people to behave differently among themselves. There were also religious problems that can be attributed to fueling honor and dueling. As we all know it was Henry VIII, one of the first Tudor Kings, who started the protestant evolution in England. This wasnt an easy transition however throughout the next few rulers the Kingdom would sway to Protestant, to Catholic, and back again. This waffling back and forth upset many people during each rule. Their frustration with the government certainly would not help a society of already angry people. Also religion has always been one of those things that people were willing to die for. So it would only stand to reason that as people came into contact with those who held different views about religion, honors would most certainly be questioned. Even to this day when people start discussing religion often the arguments will turn personal, so in a time where it would have been culturally acceptable to duel, you can see how easily it would have been for two proud men to get caught in a situation where they would not only be defending their honor but also their religion. Both sides would assume that they were right and that God would be defending them in the dispute. Now while both religion and the new capitatistic economy certainly raised tensions and created situations where men would be forced to defend their onor in a duel, but probably the biggest new social change that led to the rise of honor and the duel in English society was the emergence of a new class of people who would be reffered to as gentry. As capitalism grew a new social class that hadnt previously exsisted began to emerge, they would be called the gentry. 9 The gentry were essentially the equivalent toa middle class in modern terms. This new class was a title-less class, meaning although they had quite a substaintial amount of money they lacked the classification of nobility. Prior to the age of capitalism there ere essentially only two classes, nobility and peasants, but now capitalism had allowed a class of merchant who previously would have been forced to work in a feudal syste m to have money. These people were very socially conscious of their situation and place in society. 20 They envied those with titles and the security with which it came. The gentry had essential made themselves out of nothing and yet in a social sense were not receiving the public or political recognition they felt they deserved. They quickly turned to the idea of honor and the practice of the duel as a eans to combat their feelings of social inferiority and in some case even a way to cure them. The practice of courtesy was perceived as a link to the more important figures in society, something that any man of importance was deserving of. The gentry being the proud class that they were, believed that these ideas should be extended to one another, as though they were nobility. In a sense the practicing of courtesy, tne concept 0T nonor, tne aeclslon to Ouel to aeTena It, gave tne gentry a sort of pseudo-sophistication. They believed that if they acted like the nobility acted than they in turn were nobility in their minds. 1 This could be connected to the idea of Puritanism in that where as the Puritans believed that they might not be of the chosen they still had an obligation to act like it; the gentry believed that even though they werent nobility they should act like it anyway. This is true today, go to many middle class neighborhoods today and you will see many people living above their means in an effort to associate themselves with a higher class then the one they are actually in. Well the ideas of courtesy, honor, and the duel, were the seventeenth century equivalent to a Lexus and a home you couldnt afford. A successful dueler was looked upon very favorable in most cases by his peers. He would be perceived as an individual high in honor and moral standards. He would be raised above the common member of the gentry class, in effect giving him the status which he so desperately wanted. 22 Another issue which occurred due to the formation of the new class was boredom. 23 The gentry class had earned what money they had but their children often had very little work to do. This was similar to the nobilitys situation, you see the people who were poor often didnt have time to be concerned ith such trival issues as honor and courtesy, but the more well off members of society particularly those who were very social conscious had little else to do. To the gentry an insult was a question of not only their manhood but also whether or not they deserved their position in society, and with little else to concern themselves with this could soon balloon in too a large issue. It is important to note that while the majority of the public accepted the notions of courtesy, honor, and dueling, it was not accepted by everybody. The list of those who didnt approve was actually pretty long and very powerful. It included all the English kings of this era as well as many high ranking officials in government. The Catholic Church as well as the Puritan Church were also against dueling in particular. John Eliot spoke on this fact in the opening words of the proclamation against the duel, Because among other bitter fruits that these unlawful and bewitching [d]uels have produced; there is none more dangerous for the sequel, more contemptuous against Our Authority, and more Godless against the Divine Majesty, then is the publication , as it were before the Sun and Moon, of mens arrogant conceits of their own valor. Never the less dueling, honor, and courtesy not only were accepted but flourished among certain groups of the population despite the objections from such powerful institutions. It was said that mens honor was more important than his king, his God, or even his own life. 25 Bibliography Baldick, Robert. The Duel. London: Spring Books, 1965. Cochran, Hamilton. Noted American Duels and Hostile Encounters. Philadelphia: Chilton Books, 1963. Ho an , Baroara. Gentlemans Blood: a nlstory 0T Ouellng Trom swords at dawn to pistols at dusk. New York: Bloomsbury, 2003. Kiernan, V. G. The Duel in European History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. Olsen Kirstin. Daily Live in 18th Century England, Daily Life Through History Online. 2002, I Love a Mob: behavior- ritualized violence, dueling. Peltonen, Markku. Francis Bacon, the Earl Northampton, and the Jacobean Anti- dueling Campaign, The historical Journal, 44 (2001): 1-28. Peltonen, Markku. The Duel in Early Modern England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Shoemaker, Robert, B. The Taming of the Duel; Masculinity, Honour and ritual, violence in London, 1660-1800, The Historical journal 45 (2002): 525-545.